West Lafayette, Indiana - An international team of researchers has invented a method to control the formation of defects called "shear bands" in metals manufacturing processes and discovered microscopic details of how the defects are created.
Shear banding occurs often in high-speed machining of structural metals. It has been a long-standing problem in manufacturing processes because it hinders production of good quality surfaces while machining advanced metal alloys like titanium, nickel and high-temperature aerospace materials, and in the production of metal sheets and foils, according to Srinivasan Chandrasekar, a Purdue University professor of industrial engineering and Kevin P. Trumble, a professor of materials engineering.
"This new work, based on a fundamental understanding of how shear bands form, is an important advance for manufacturing and metals processing," said Chandrasekar, director of Purdue's Center for Materials Processing and Tribology.
The research has revealed that the shear bands form in two phases, said Purdue postdoctoral research associate Koushik Viswanathan.
First, a "weak interface" is created as the metal is being cut, and then the metal shears at this interface, producing a saw-tooth pattern.
"More importantly, we have learned how to suppress the formation of shear bands using a simple method," said lead author Dinakar Sagapuram, a former Purdue postdoctoral research associate who recently joined Texas A&M University as an assistant professor.
Findings are detailed in a paper published online in August in the Proceedings of the Royal Society A, and featured on the cover of the September print edition of the journal. The paper is available online at http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/472/2192/20160167 .
The phenomenon of shear-band formation exists in many settings, from the nearly atomic scale in "metallic glasses," to the millimeter scale in machined metals and to kilometer-size defects seen in rocks that undergo sliding in the earth's crust.
The "displacement profiles" of shear bands resemble those created in liquids flowing past an interface. Because of this similarity, the researchers applied mathematical equations customarily used to analyze viscous fluid flow to analyze the formation of the shear bands. The fluid-like behavior is mysterious because it is unclear whether the metals being processed heat up enough to actually become liquid.
"The temperatures generated in these shear bands have been estimated from a few hundred Celsius to a few thousand Celsius, so this is really an unknown," Viswanathan said.
The first phase of the band formation occurs within just a few microseconds.
"The second phase is where the metal slides along a thin weak interface," Sagapuram said. "This phase is somewhat more gradual and surprisingly exhibits a viscous-like behavior."
The suppression method works by adding a wedge-shaped die opposite the cutting tool, so that the chip from the metal being machined is channeled between the two. The additional tool constrains the metal to deform more uniformly and eliminates the viscous sliding phase. Because of its simplicity, the method is practical for use in industry.
"You can think of it as the tool consisting of two parts, one doing the cutting and other doing the constraining," said Chandrasekar, also a professor of materials engineering.
The paper was authored by Sagapuram, Viswanathan, Chandrasekar and Trumble; Anirban Mahan, an assistant professor at the Indian Institute of Technology, Patna; Narayan K. Sundaram, an assistant professor at the Indian Institute of Science; and Rachid M'Saoubi, a research manager at Seco Tools Ltd. in the United Kingdom.
The researchers studied the deformation by taking images of marks etched into the metal beforehand. As the metal is processed, the groove-like "micromarkers" reveal the large and serrated deformations.
"The markers basically tell you if the deformation is homogeneous or not, and also how much deformation the material has locally undergone near the shear band defects," Trumble said.
The shear bands form parallel, intensely deformed striations and may cause the metal to break into fragments small enough to produce a powder-like pile of chip shavings. Metals like titanium and magnesium, which have a hexagonal close-packed crystal structure, are particularly prone to the shear band formation. However, the bands can form also in other metals that do not have this crystal structure, including brass, copper, steels and superalloys.
Several patent applications related to the research were filed through the Purdue Research Foundation's Office of Technology Commercialization.
The work was funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, U.S. Army Research Office and National Science Foundation.